Conditional Sentences
What will happen if …?
Greenhouse concentrations in the atmosphere will continue if billions of tons of our annual emissions do not decrease considerably. Many greenhouse gases stay in the atmosphere for long periods of time. As a result, even if emissions stopped increasing, atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations would continue to warm.
Because of climate change, drought is lasting in certain areas. If drought continues, world governments will have to take measures to cut down its bad effects on the environment.
Another consequence of climate change is ocean acidification. Oceans become more acidic if carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the atmosphere dissolve in the ocean.
Choisir la réponse correcte de la liste
Say if the statements below are true or false.
- If we reduce CO2 emissions, greenhouse gases will stay in the atmosphere. ****
- CO2 emissions continue to increase .As a consequence, greenhouse gas concentrations are warming the Earth continuously. ****
- Droughts have bad effects on the environment; therefore world governments have to make decisions to reduce them.****
- CO2 emissions are in the atmosphere only. ****
The sentences in task 2 contain a condition which leads to a result. The result can be certain, probable or impossible. We call such sentences conditional sentences .
Observe the tenses in each sentence
1. If billions of annual emissions increase, greenhouse concentrations in the atmosphere will continue.
The condition part: Present simple, the result part: future simple.
2. If emissions stopped increasing, atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations would continue to warm.
The condition part: Past simple, the result part: present conditional.
3. If carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the atmosphere dissolve in the ocean, oceans become more acidic .
The condition part: Past simple, the result part: Present simple.
When we speculate or make suppositions, we tend to use if-sentences .An if-sentence or a conditional sentence is composed of a condition and a result. The condition clause is introduced by the conjunction “if”.
Observe the possible positions and changes in punctuation:
a. We can start with the condition
|
If condition clause, result clause. |
|
Result clause if condition clause. |
There are four types of the conditional. In year 1 of secondary education we focus on three:
- Type 0: If +present simple, present simple.
- Type 1: If + present simple, future simple.
- Type 2: If +past simple, present conditional.
-
In detail: read and learn
|
Conditional |
Functions | Structures | Examples |
| Type 0 |
True at anytime The result is certain as it can be a scientific truth/ an activity we do in real life. |
Affirmative form: If + subject + stem(s)+ subject+ stem(s).
Negative form: If +subject +do not / does not + stem, subject + do not/ does not +stem.
Interrogative form: Do/ doesl + subject +stem if subject + stem (s)?
Very important: As the result is true at any time we can use “when” instead of “if”.
|
Affirmative form: If you leave butter in the Sun, it melts.
Negative form: She doesn’t usually work well If she doesn’t take coffee.
Interrogative form: Do you usually drink if you run?
Very important: - Butter melts when we leave it in the Sun. - When she doesn’t take coffee, she doesn’t usually work well. - Do you usually drink when you run? |
| Type 1 |
The result is probable or very possible as it is prediction
|
Affirmative form: If +subject +stem(s) +subject +will +stem
Negative form: If +subject +do not/ does not +stem, subject +will not +stem.
Interrogative form: Will +subject +stem if subject + stem (s)?
N.B: we can use” when” instead of “if”,but it means that he result is certain: When they arrive in Paris, they will call you. |
Affirmative form: They will come if you invite them.
Negative form: She won’t forgive you if you don’t apologize to her.
Interrogative form: Will they reduce pollution if people respect their environment?
|
| Type 2 |
The condition And the result are contrary to Present reality So the result is impossible now |
Affirmative form: If +subject +stem +ed +subject +would +stem.
Negative form: If +subject +did not +stem, subject +would not +stem.
Interrogative form: would +subject +stem if subject+ stem +ed ?
Very important: the verb “to be” in the condition clause has one form with all the subject pronouns: If +subject+ were…,subject +would +stem.
|
Affirmative form: If she travelled to Malaysia ,she would love it.
Negative form: If I didn’t like you, I wouldn’t talk to you.
Interrogative form: Would climate change stop if we stopped gas emissions?
Very important: If I were in Paris now, I would visit the Palace of Versailles. If she were here, she would help us.
|
|
Type 3 TO BE STUDIED NEXT YEAR |
Contrary to past reality | If+ past perfect simple, past conditional | If I had known, I wouldn’t have come. |
Keep in mind:
We cannot use “when” instead of “if” in conditional type 2 and type 3 because they are both unreal situations with impossible results.
Note: stem= infinitive
Example: She doesn’t speak Spanish.
- The forms of auxiliaries:
| Full form |
Contracted form |
|
Do not |
Don’t |
|
Does not |
Doesn’t |
|
Will not |
Won’t |
|
Did not |
Didn’t |
|
Would not |
Wouldn’t |
- The past perfect simple: had +past participle /stem +ed
Example:
- I had been ill for many days.
- He had stayed in Paris.
- Conditional past: Would +have +past participle
- إختبارات
- 10
- الأجوبة الصحيحة
- False
- الأجوبة الخاطئة
- False
- مجموع النقاط
- False
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